低温胁迫对不同品种果蔗膜脂过氧化及渗透调节物质的影响

以4个引种果蔗品种幼苗叶片为试验材料,采用人工模拟低温环境对其进行低温胁迫,测定各品种叶片的相对电导率,丙二醛（MDA）、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量。结果表明,随处理时间的延长,4个引种果蔗品种幼苗叶片的相对电导率一直保持升高的趋势;MDA含量呈先显著升高后降低的趋势,分别在第7天和第10天达到最大值,顺序均为川蔗26号>拔地拉>闽引黄皮果蔗>桂果蔗1号。低温胁迫下,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸含量呈上升趋势。随着低温处理时间的延长,叶片中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量明显增加。低温处理初期,脯氨酸含量急剧上升,随着处理时间延长脯氨酸含量开始缓慢降低,但整个过程中脯氨酸含量始终保持在较高水平。各项指标测定结果显示,4个引种果蔗品种的耐寒性表现为桂果蔗1号>闽引黄皮果蔗>拔地拉>川蔗26号。     

Disturbed bovine mitochondrial lipid metabolism: a review

In mammals, excess energy is stored primarily as triglycerides, which are mobilized when energy demands arise and cannot be covered by feed intake. This review mainly focuses on the role of long chain fatty acids in disturbed energy metabolism of the bovine species. Long chain fatty acids regulate energy metabolism as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Carnitine acts as a carrier of fatty acyl groups as long-chain acyl-CoA derivatives do not penetrate the mitochondrial inner membrane. There are two different types of disorders in lipid metabolism which can occur in cattle, namely the hypoglycaemic-hypoinsulinaemic and the hyperglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic type with the latter not always associated with ketosis. There is general agreement that fatty acid β-oxidation capability is limited in the liver of (ketotic) cows. In accord, supplemental L-carnitine decreased liver lipid accumulation in periparturient Holstein cows. Of note, around parturition concurrent oxidation of fatty acids in skeletal muscle is highly activated. Also peroxisomal β-oxidation in liver of dairy cows may be part of the hepatic adaptations to a negative energy balance (NEB) to break down fatty acids. An elevated blood concentration of nonesterified fatty acids is one of the indicators of NEB in cattle among others like increased β-hydroxy butyrate concentration, and decreased concentrations of glucose, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-I. Assuming that liver carnitine concentrations might limit hepatic fatty acid oxidation capacity in dairy cows, further study of the role of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and/or riboflavin in bovine ketosis is warranted.     

外源氮、磷添加对琼北荔枝园土壤CH4氧化能力的影响

为明确氮(N)和磷(P)的输入对土壤氧化吸收大气甲烷(CH_4)的影响,通过室内培养实验,研究了外源N、P添加对琼北3种荔枝园土壤CH_4氧化速率的短期影响。结果表明:不同浓度处理的外源N[(NH4)2SO4]添加对3种荔枝园土壤(暗红湿润铁铝土,用T2表示;简育湿润铁铝土,用T3表示;湿润玻璃火山灰土,用H3表示)CH_4氧化速率均产生抑制作用(P0.05),较对照组平均抑制率分别达到29.93%、36.28%和24.80%。不同浓度外源P(KH2PO4)添加对3种荔枝园土壤CH_4氧化具有促进作用,其中对T2、T3土壤CH_4氧化具有明显的促进作用,H3呈现先促进后抑制的变化趋势。外源N、P同时添加对3种土壤CH_4氧化均起到了促进作用,与单独添加外源N相比,N、P同时添加缓解了外源N对3种荔枝园土壤CH_4氧化能力的抑制作用,其中T2土壤的缓解作用最高,这可能与其土壤的速效磷背景值较低有关。因此,在荔枝园土壤的施肥管理中应根据土壤类型合理增施N、P肥,以促使土壤对大气CH_4的氧化能力维持在较高水平上。     

臭氧氧化对奶牛场沼液中磷形态转化的影响

为了提高沼液磷的回收效果,研究了曝气种类和曝气条件对奶牛场沼液磷形态转化的影响。结果表明:在参考曝气条件下,与氮气和空气相比,臭氧能更大程度地降低颗粒态磷和交换态磷含量,并大幅度提升溶解性正磷酸盐含量。臭氧曝气的优选条件为沼液初始pH值为6、臭氧发生量为10 g·h~(-1)、氧化时间为60 min,曝气后沼液中溶解性正磷酸盐浓度提高了76.12%,溶解性正磷酸盐占总磷比例提升20.75%。臭氧氧化可以促进颗粒态磷和交换态磷向溶解性正磷酸盐转化,从而促进沼液磷的回收。     

明胶涂膜保持猪背最长肌冷藏期间新鲜度

与传统的包装材料相比,冷鲜肉的明胶涂膜处理具有众多优势,这也决定其具有广阔的发展前景。为研究明胶涂膜处理对生鲜肉冷藏期间氧化稳定性和新鲜度的影响。该文以猪背最长肌为材料,研究其经过不同浓度(0%、10%、20%)明胶涂膜处理后冷藏期间的加压失水率、脂肪氧化、蛋白质氧化、血红素铁、挥发性盐基氮以及肉色的变化情况。结果表明:猪背最长肌在4℃条件下冷藏第3、5和7 d时,明胶涂膜处理组的硫代巴比妥酸反应值、蛋白质羰基、血红素铁质量分数、挥发性盐基氮值、红度值以及高铁肌红蛋白质量分数分别与对照组比较,结果均存在显著性差异(P0.05)。此外,在冷藏时间相同的条件下,10%与20%明胶涂膜处理组之间均差异不显著(P0.05)。试验证实,明胶涂膜处理有益于提高冷藏期间肉品的氧化稳定性,维系理想的肉品色泽及延长其货架期。     

不同土壤有机碳测定方法的比较

对土壤碳的准确定量是研究土壤肥力和农业固碳的前提。本文选择我国不同有机碳和无机碳含量的8个代表性土壤/沉积物样品,比较湿氧化法、酸洗法和间接法三类方法对有机碳含量的测定效果。研究结果表明:对有机碳含量为3.4~11.5 g/kg的土壤和沉积物样品,湿氧化法有较低的平均相对误差(0.32%~4.72%)和变异系数(0.40%~1.22%),间接法的平均相对误差(5.16%~20.46%)和变异系数(0.60%~7.00%)都较高,而酸洗法介于这两个方法之间。说明在保持稳定准确的加热温度情况下,湿氧化法对土壤/沉积物有机碳含量的测定比较稳定和准确,且操作简单。对大部分样品,由于酸对土壤无机碳难以充分溶解,造成酸洗法和间接法的有机碳测定值偏高,且变异系数较大。     

Stabilization mechanisms of organic matter in four temperate soils: Development and application of a conceptual model

Based on recent findings in the literature, we developed a process‐oriented conceptual model that integrates all three process groups of organic matter (OM) stabilization in soils namely (1) selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds, (2) spatial inaccessibility to decomposer organisms, and (3) interactions of OM with minerals and metal ions. The model concept relates the diverse stabilization mechanisms to active, intermediate, and passive pools. The formation of the passive pool is regarded as hierarchical structured co‐action of various processes that are active under specific pedogenetic conditions. To evaluate the model, we used data of pool sizes and turnover times of soil OM fractions from horizons of two acid forest and two agricultural soils. Selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds is relevant in the active pool and particularly in soil horizons with high C contents. Biogenic aggregation preserves OM in the intermediate pool and is limited to topsoil horizons. Spatial inaccessibility due to the occlusion of OM in clay microstructures and due to the formation of hydrophobic surfaces stabilizes OM in the passive pool. If present, charcoal contributes to the passive pool mainly in topsoil horizons. The importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization in the passive pool is well‐known and increases with soil depth. Hydrophobicity is particularly relevant in acid soils and in soils with considerable inputs of charcoal. We conclude that the stabilization potentials of soils are site‐ and horizon‐specific. Furthermore, management affects key stabilization mechanisms. Tillage increases the importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization, and in Ap horizons with high microbial activity and C turnover, organo‐mineral interactions can contribute to OM stabilization in the intermediate pool. The application of our model showed that we need a better understanding of processes causing spatial inaccessibility of OM to decomposers in the passive pool.     

油茶籽中美拉德反应产物的抗氧化性及其含量分析

[目的]研究前处理对油茶籽的抗氧化性影响。[方法]采用红外加热对油茶籽进行不同时间与温度的处理,并测定处理前后油茶籽和油茶籽仁中美拉德反应产物含量及其抗氧化性。[结果]研究发现随加热时间的延长,美拉德反应产物5-羟甲基糠醛、丙酮醛、乙二醛、3-脱氧奥苏糖的生成量逐渐增多;在150℃下反应120 min后,油茶籽中5-羟甲基糠醛、丙酮醛、乙二醛、3-脱氧奥苏糖的含量分别为10.929、34.620、11.054和36.627μg·g~(-1),油茶籽仁中其含量分别为16.950、55.217、20.216和72.390μg·g~(-1),后者分别是前者的1.55、1.59、1.8和1.97倍,说明美拉德反应主要在油茶籽仁中发生。对美拉德反应产物氧化活性的测试数据表明,油茶籽中的美拉德反应产物均具有抗氧化活性,在150℃下反应120 min时,油茶籽仁和油茶籽清除DPPH自由基与抗氧化活性均达到最高,前者分别为99.18%和81.47%,后者分别为97.44%和74.97%。[结论]比较发生美拉德反应的油茶籽仁与油茶籽的DPPH清除率与抗氧化活性发现,油茶籽仁抗氧化活性强于油茶籽抗氧化活性。     

3个蓝靛果品种果实生物活性物质含量及抗氧化性的比较

为给蓝靛果种质资源收集、优良品种的选育、综合开发及利用提供参考,以蓝靛果栽培品种‘蓝鸟’‘蓓蕾’及野生蓝靛果为材料,比较3个蓝靛果品种果实生物活性成分的含量及抗氧化活性,利用生理生化实验方法,测定各品种成熟果实提取液中可滴定酸、类黄酮、总酚、花色苷含量,分析DPPH、FRAP、羟自由基(·OH)的清除能力。结果表明:‘蓝鸟’果实可滴定酸含量最多,其体积分数为2.49%;按照类黄酮、总酚及花色苷的含量由高到低排序,3个品种依次为‘蓓蕾’、野生、‘蓝鸟’。体外抗氧化活性评价结果显示,3个蓝靛果品种果实的抗氧化能力差异较大,‘蓓蕾’果实抗氧化活性最高,其次是野生蓝靛果,‘蓝鸟’果实的抗氧化活性最低。相关性分析结果显示,蓝靛果果实的抗氧化能力与类黄酮、总酚、花色苷含量存在极显著相关性,其中,类黄酮含量与·OH清除能力相关系数最大,即蓝靛果果实类黄酮清除·OH的能力最强。综上可知,‘蓓蕾’果实生物活性物质含量较高,抗氧化能力比其他2个蓝靛果品种强,适宜进行加工及内含物提取利用,是制备抗氧化剂的优良材料。     

Matrine inhibits mycelia growth of Botryosphaeria dothidea by affecting membrane permeability

Matrine is a promising botanical antifungal;however, the mechanism underlying the antifungal activity is yet limited. We studied the antifungal activity of matrine and the underlying mechanism in Botryosphaeria dothidea as a model strain. Matrine strongly inhibited mycelial growth of B. dothidea in a dose-dependent manner. Matrine-treated B. dothidea showed morphological and ultrastructural alterations, including shriveled hyphae, plasmolysis, and leakage of cytoplasm related to cell membrane deterioration. In addition, matrine caused significantly high conductivity and absorbance (260 nm) in extracellular matrices and low lipid contents in B. dothidea, indicating increased membrane permeability. Lipid peroxidation showed that matrine resulted in increased malondialdehyde content while enhancing the generation of reactive oxygen species and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase. These results showed that matrine inhibited the mycelial growth of B. dothidea by enhancing cell membrane permeability via membrane lipid peroxidation.